|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
Introduction The premise of this working paper is that the state of Ohio, through its investments in infrastructure and the operation of many state programs, affects development patterns. These development patterns are clearly changing. Development over the past 30 years in Ohio has become less dense and is spreading out, using more land. The term that is used in popular and planning literature for this pattern of development is "urban sprawl," which has been officially defined by one state, Florida, as:
Urban sprawl has been criticized in a large body of literature for a variety of costs that it imposes on the public, either directly or indirectly. These include excessive public infrastructure and operating costs (including duplication of infrastructure), increases in vehicle miles traveled, transit system operating losses related to reduced use of transit in areas where sprawl is located, loss of farmland and environmentally sensitive areas, the undermining of the economy of older cities through the loss or reduction of tax-paying capacity, and loss of a sense of community resulting from the new dispersed development patterns. 3 Advocates or apologists for sprawl believe that it is merely an outgrowth of the expression of strongly-held public values that are immutable, regardless of the consequences. The movement outward, with its corresponding consumption of natural resources and heightened public and private costs, represents a desire for enhanced public safety, better public education, and a more secure housing investment.4 An attempt to modify the policies or practices that have yielded this pattern, the argument goes, will defy the public's deeply entrenched preferences and cause unanticipated repercussions in the form of higher housing costs, slower economic mobility, restrained personal mobility, and a loss of an overall standard of living. Others contend that state involvement will come at the expense of local government control, even though local governments draw their authority from the state. There can, of course, be a fair degree of debate on whether this pattern is good or bad. But as Cleveland State University's Patricia Burgess and Tom Bier have observed, "what is undeniable is that American metropolitan regions continue to expand into once-rural areas while their central cities continue to lose population."5 Still, there seems to be a sea change in public sentiment under way in the manner in which Americans view the development of their states, regions, and communities. As this paper shows, an increasing number of state governmentsand the survey in this paper is only a partial oneare responding to this change and directly confronting the pattern and character of development and the role of the state (as well as local governments) in bringing about that pattern. Governors and state legislatures in these states are listening to constituent concerns about growth and sprawl and are attempting to balance orderly development with the need to protect and preserve key state resources and define and advance state goals. Each state is different, however, and the political dynamic that brought about a rethinking of state policies in Oregon, Tennessee, and Maryland, for example, may not apply to Ohio. Nonetheless, much can be learned from the experience of other states and this paper's intent is to explore some of these approaches to see which ones might best fit Ohio. The paper resists broadside attacks on state agency practices and programs and blanket condemnation of state officials as insensitive Philistines. It is easy to criticize, particularly from afar, but much harder to bring about constructive change. The approach advocated here is a systematic and gradual one in which change would come about, not by one or two sweeping big ideas or silver bullets, but through a thoughtful and considered process of evaluation and careful action. This paper suggests that the governor and General Assembly should begin to look at the sum total of state actions that affect development patterns and ask themselves whether the result is what is really desired and should be continued and, if not, whether there could instead be a better way. The authors of this paper believe there is.
EcoCity Cleveland |
Smart Growth Working Paper Back to main Smart Growth Agenda
This paper suggests that the governor and General Assembly should begin to look at the sum total of state actions that affect development patterns and ask themselves whether the result is really desired and, if not, whether there could be a better way.
|
||||
Banyak pemain mencari slot yang memberikan peluang menang lebih besar. Dengan Slot Deposit 5k, pemain bisa menikmati permainan dengan tingkat kemenangan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan biasanya. Ini menjadi pilihan utama bagi mereka yang ingin memaksimalkan kemenangan dengan modal kecil.
Banyak pemain berpengalaman memanfaatkan data harian untuk memilih mesin dengan slot rtp tertinggi hari ini. Ini menjadi salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan peluang menang secara signifikan. Dengan adanya RTP live, pemain bisa mendapatkan informasi real-time tentang slot mana yang lebih menguntungkan. Memilih mesin dengan slot gacor juga menjadi trik yang banyak digunakan untuk mendekati kemenangan besar.
Simbol Scatter Hitam dalam permainan slot berfungsi sebagai pemicu fitur bonus yang menguntungkan. Ketika muncul di layar, Scatter ini memberikan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan free spins atau hadiah spesial lainnya. Dengan posisi yang strategis, Mahjong Slot meningkatkan peluang pemain untuk memperoleh hadiah yang lebih besar dalam setiap permainan.
Banyak pemain slot online yang mencari permainan dengan RTP tinggi, dan Slot Gacor menjadi salah satu yang paling dicari. Game ini dikenal memiliki pola permainan yang mudah dipahami dan sering memberikan kemenangan besar. Dengan tampilan modern serta berbagai fitur bonus yang menarik, pengalaman bermain semakin seru. Tidak heran jika game ini selalu menjadi pilihan utama bagi para penggemar slot yang ingin mendapatkan cuan besar.
Saat ini, banyak pemain mencari platform terpercaya untuk bermain, dan Situs Toto hadir sebagai solusi terbaik. Dengan tampilan yang user-friendly, pemain dapat dengan mudah menelusuri berbagai fitur yang tersedia. Kemudahan dalam melakukan deposit dan withdraw juga menjadi salah satu faktor utama yang membuat banyak orang memilih platform ini.
Sebagai salah satu situs yang sangat populer, Situs Togel menawarkan berbagai pasaran dari negara-negara terkemuka. Di sini, pemain dapat menemukan pilihan pasaran seperti Hongkong, Singapore, hingga Macau, yang semuanya memiliki hasil pengundian yang akurat. Dengan tampilan yang sederhana namun efisien, Situs Togel memberikan kemudahan bagi pemain untuk bertaruh dengan nyaman.
Banyak pemain togel yang mengandalkan Data Macau sebagai referensi utama dalam menyusun strategi taruhan mereka. Data ini mencakup hasil keluaran sebelumnya yang bisa dianalisis untuk menemukan pola angka tertentu. Dengan menggunakan metode statistik, banyak pemain yang berhasil meningkatkan peluang kemenangan mereka. Selain itu, beberapa situs togel juga menawarkan layanan analisis data yang lebih mendalam. Oleh karena itu, memiliki akses ke data ini sangat penting bagi setiap pemain togel.
