|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
Surrounded by suburbs As Greater Cleveland struggles to define itself as a region, we are hearing calls for greater cooperation on economic development, land use, transportation planning, and other issues that transcend city and county lines. As the following selection describes, such calls for metropolitan government or governance are nothing new. In the past, they were defeated for political reasons, good and bad. As you read this selection by Akron University history professor James F. Richardson, consider the prospects for future metropolitan initiatives. And consider the fact that many of the most successful cities in the United States today are those that are able to create regional forms of governance. *** Before 1930, Cleveland was able to annex small areas from time to time and in the process expand its land area considerably. The largest and best organized suburbs, Lakewood and East Cleveland, successfully resisted annexation as did the newer suburbs on the Heights. From 1915 on, elite groups such as the Chamber of Commerce and the Citizens League lobbied for consolidation of the city and its surrounding suburbs. The methods advocated changed somewhat over the next decade. The Chamber of Commerce organized a Committee on Annexation in 1916. In 1924 it changed the name to Committee on Cooperative Metropolitan Government, and the title gives away the plot. During the committee's early stages it argued for annexation, believing that it was only a matter of time before the suburbs joined the city. Such consolidation would mean more efficient services at lower cost and enable all residents of the metropolitan area to vote on matters of common concern and not be blocked by artificial boundaries. The rationale often took an elitist turn. It was Cleveland's best people who were leading the migration to the Heights; left behind were recent immigrants, less able and more susceptible to the blandishments of favor-doing ward politicians. As the members of the Chamber of Commerce left the city, they switched their support from annexation to some sort of borough system, which would allow suburbanites to participate in area-wide decisions while maintaining control over their own local affairs. The publication of the Citizens League took the position that only suburban officeholders and other self-interested or misguided people blocked moves toward metropolitan government; suburban voters favored it if only the politicians would let them act. The Chamber minutes are more realistic or candid in acknowledging that suburbanites would never support any plan that did not provide for local control over land use, phrased as keeping businesses out of their residential districts, and school independence. "Good schools" was a suburban battle cry of the 1920s. As so often happened in American urban history, economic depression promoted changes in governmental structure. In 1933, the legislature and the voters amended the Ohio Constitution to make possible the adoption of charters by counties. However, no such charter ever became effective for Cuyahoga County. The failure of large scale annexation and consolidation from 1916 to 1930 indicated the increasing dichotomy between the central city and the suburbs. Affluent suburbs found it easier to finance their own services, especially since they could tie into Cleveland's water and sewer facilities, and there was an obvious disparity between the social class composition of the central city and the better-off suburbs. Excerpted from, "The City in Twentieth-Century Ohio: Crisis in Stability and Services," an article by James F. Richardson in Toward an Urban Ohio published by the Ohio Historical Society in 1977.
EcoCity Cleveland |
The failure of large scale annexation and consolidation from 1916 to 1930 indicated the increasing dichotomy between the central city and the suburbs. Affluent suburbs found it easier to finance their own services, especially since they could tie into Cleveland's water and sewer facilities, and there was an obvious disparity between the social class composition of the central city and the better-off suburbs. |
||||
Banyak pemain mencari slot yang memberikan peluang menang lebih besar. Dengan Slot Deposit 5k, pemain bisa menikmati permainan dengan tingkat kemenangan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan biasanya. Ini menjadi pilihan utama bagi mereka yang ingin memaksimalkan kemenangan dengan modal kecil.
Banyak pemain berpengalaman memanfaatkan data harian untuk memilih mesin dengan slot rtp tertinggi hari ini. Ini menjadi salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan peluang menang secara signifikan. Dengan adanya RTP live, pemain bisa mendapatkan informasi real-time tentang slot mana yang lebih menguntungkan. Memilih mesin dengan slot gacor juga menjadi trik yang banyak digunakan untuk mendekati kemenangan besar.
Simbol Scatter Hitam dalam permainan slot berfungsi sebagai pemicu fitur bonus yang menguntungkan. Ketika muncul di layar, Scatter ini memberikan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan free spins atau hadiah spesial lainnya. Dengan posisi yang strategis, Mahjong Slot meningkatkan peluang pemain untuk memperoleh hadiah yang lebih besar dalam setiap permainan.
Banyak pemain slot online yang mencari permainan dengan RTP tinggi, dan Slot Gacor menjadi salah satu yang paling dicari. Game ini dikenal memiliki pola permainan yang mudah dipahami dan sering memberikan kemenangan besar. Dengan tampilan modern serta berbagai fitur bonus yang menarik, pengalaman bermain semakin seru. Tidak heran jika game ini selalu menjadi pilihan utama bagi para penggemar slot yang ingin mendapatkan cuan besar.
Saat ini, banyak pemain mencari platform terpercaya untuk bermain, dan Situs Toto hadir sebagai solusi terbaik. Dengan tampilan yang user-friendly, pemain dapat dengan mudah menelusuri berbagai fitur yang tersedia. Kemudahan dalam melakukan deposit dan withdraw juga menjadi salah satu faktor utama yang membuat banyak orang memilih platform ini.
Sebagai salah satu situs yang sangat populer, Situs Togel menawarkan berbagai pasaran dari negara-negara terkemuka. Di sini, pemain dapat menemukan pilihan pasaran seperti Hongkong, Singapore, hingga Macau, yang semuanya memiliki hasil pengundian yang akurat. Dengan tampilan yang sederhana namun efisien, Situs Togel memberikan kemudahan bagi pemain untuk bertaruh dengan nyaman.
Banyak pemain togel yang mengandalkan Data Macau sebagai referensi utama dalam menyusun strategi taruhan mereka. Data ini mencakup hasil keluaran sebelumnya yang bisa dianalisis untuk menemukan pola angka tertentu. Dengan menggunakan metode statistik, banyak pemain yang berhasil meningkatkan peluang kemenangan mereka. Selain itu, beberapa situs togel juga menawarkan layanan analisis data yang lebih mendalam. Oleh karena itu, memiliki akses ke data ini sangat penting bagi setiap pemain togel.
